![]() ![]() To see what language you're currently using, go to Time & language in PC settings or Region in Control Panel. Matches your current language: You'll need to choose the same language when you install Windows 11.Damages to the PC due to lack of compatibility aren't covered under the manufacturer warranty. If you proceed with installing Windows 11 on a PC that does not meet the requirements, that PC will no longer be supported and won't be entitled to receive updates. WARNING: Installing Windows 11 media on a PC that does not meet the Windows 11 minimum system requirements is not recommended and may result in compatibility issues.We also recommend that you visit your PC manufacturer's website for information about updated drivers and hardware compatibility. Certain features require additional hardware. See the Windows 11 device specifications for upgrade requirements and supported features. Meets system requirements: Not all devices running Windows 10 are eligible to receive a Windows 11 upgrade.For ARM-based PCs, you should wait until you are notified through Windows Update that the upgrade is ready for your PC. Windows 11 Media Creation Tool creates installation media only for 圆4 processors. To see if your PC has one, go to Settings > System > About, or search “System Information” in Windows and look under “System Type.” Has a 64-bit CPU: Windows 11 can only run on 64-bit CPUs.If you receive a “disc image file is too large” message while attempting to burn a DVD bootable disc from an ISO file, consider using a higher capacity Dual Layer DVD.Įnsure that the PC you want to install Windows 11 on:.We recommend using a blank USB or blank DVD because any content on it will be deleted during installation. A blank DVD disc with at least 8 GB of storage space (and DVD burner) to create a bootable disc.Sufficient data storage available on the computer, USB or external drive you are downloading the.An internet connection (internet service provider fees may apply).To get started, you'll first need a licence to install Windows 11 or have a Windows 10 device that qualifies for an upgrade to Windows 11. If you need installation media to install Windows 11 on a different PC, see Create Windows 11 Installation Media. It's only supported for PCs using 圆4 processors. ![]() Note: Windows 11 Installation Assistant doesn't run on ARM-based PCs. Make sure that you don’t turn off your PC. It may take some time to install Windows 11, and your PC will restart a few times.When the tool is ready, click the Restart Now button to complete the installation on your computer.After the tool has confirmed the device hardware is compatible, you will be presented with the licence terms.You'll need to be an administrator to run this tool. Your PC must have 9 GB of free disk space to download Windows 11.Īfter you've downloaded the Installation Assistant:.We also recommend that you visit your PC manufacturer’s website for information about updated drivers and hardware compatibility. Your PC meets the Windows 11 device specifications for upgrade requirements and supported features.Your PC must have Windows 10, version 2004 or higher installed to run Installation Assistant.Before you start, check to see if the following conditions apply to you: ![]()
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![]() ![]() The assay is compliant with the ISO 14675:2003 (IDF 186:2003) guideline. ![]() B ZERO AFLA M1 enables direct analysis of fat milk without any sample preparation and provides quantitative results without the need for calibration within only 30 minutes. This Item NA-BD5-1 NA-BD8-1 NA-BD4-1 Sigma-Aldrich. Compare Similar Items View Full Comparison. Phosphate Buffered Saline with 3 Non-Fat Milk, pH 7.4. This test kit has been designed for laboratories handling a limited analytical volume. Skimmed milk powder (major and trace elements) View Price and Availability. The kit contains the same reagents, components, procedures as the I’ screen AFLA M1 milk, however, it also includes a dedicated cheese buffer and protocols for the analysis of cheese and firm cheese, yogurt, processed milk (UHT). It is now the first immunoassay to receive AOAC approval for the analysis of aflatoxin M1 in raw bovine fat milk, skim mik and milk powder. The kit has been available on the market for more than 20 years, obtaining more than 50 references and 100% compliance within annual External Quality Assurance program monitoring (proficiency testings participation). The information obtained from this study provides a better understanding of the emulsion science important in controlling coconut milk functionality.I’ screen AFLA M1 Milk is a quantitative immunoassay for the analysis of aflatoxin M1 in raw bovine whole milk, skim milk and milk powder. Optical microscopy was used to confirm the combination of flocculation and creaming responsible for changes in coconut milk quality. All samples creamed after 24 h of storage, but the heated samples formed a larger cream layer, presumably because the flocculated droplets packed together less efficiently. ![]() A slight amount of coalescence was also observed after heating above 80 ☌. suitable for substrate for protein kinase (after dephosphorylation), purified powder. ![]() Heating increased the degree of flocculation in both non-homogenized and homogenized samples. United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard. This flocculation was also responsible for increased viscosity of the homogenized samples. Homogenization reduced the size of the primary emulsion droplets from 10.9 to 3.0 μm, but increased the degree of flocculation, presumably via a bridging mechanism. Both homogenized and non-homogenized samples were heated at 50 ☌, 60 ☌, 70 ☌, 80 ☌, and 90 ☌ for 1 h. Fresh coconut milk (15% to 17% fat, 1.5% to 2% protein) was extracted and stored at 30 ☌ before homogenization at 40/4 MPa (stage I/stage II). Use advised against: No information available 1. : The effects of homogenization and heat treatment on the colloidal stability of coconut milk were studied. Products DairyAmerica is the leading supplier of Skim Milk Powder to over 60 countries worldwide. Product Name: Skim Milk - Product Part Number: 7352 1.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against - Use of the substance/preparation: Dehydrated skim milk for use in preparing microbiological culture media. Production of DCM commercially involves high temperature short time sterilization and homogenization steps just like other milk processing, but requires additional stabilization by Carboxymethyl cellulose plus Montanox 60 to keep the emulsion stable. It is found that by using extraction water at temperature 40☌, and defatted meat with particle size intermediate between fine and coarse, then a good balance of the nutrients is obtained with minimal energy consumptions. Production of DCM in a commercial scale should take into account temperature of extracting water, and particle size of defatted coconut meat in attaining production goals. DCM is found to contain high amount of potassium, magnesium and phosphorous, and a substantial amount of lysine, leucine, histidine, threonine and valine, which are essential to humans. The defatting process reduces fats up to 13% of the fats initially in coconut milk, and the resulting DCM contains an average of about 2% fats on mass basis, out of which 89% are saturated fats, frequently termed as "bad" cholesterol fats. It is found that in a ratio of water to defatted coconut meat of 2.5:1, the yield of DCM is up to 88.4% upon pressing on a pressing machine whose capacity was 16 N. Defatted coconut meat used in this project was obtained from VCO production process, where it is a by-product. The effect of extraction parameters on nutrients in the production of defatted coconut milk is analyzed in this project, and a proposed combination of these parameters to meet production goals is provided. ![]() ![]() ![]() LMMSĪ tagline that says “let’s make music” is a powerful statement of intent from LMMS. From start to finish, you can craft your music in Cakewalk without needing to touch any other software. ![]() With the ability to publish straight to YouTube, Soundcloud, and Facebook, you don’t need to do anything extra to publish your music. It also allows you to open up video files and edit the audio track, making it a good option for creating and editing your own music videos. Like GarageBand, Cakewalk includes the ability to use virtual instruments if you don’t have your own. Beginners may find the GUI a little challenging, but it can easily be customized, with custom themes and layouts to suit your needs, and a “basic” pre-set layout for new users to try. Thanks to the Singapore-based BandLab, the newly-renamed Cakewalk is back in active development and is available for you to download for free on Windows.Ĭakewalk is an all-rounder, with songwriting tools, audio editing, sound effects, and a professional-standard mixing engine for crisp, clear audio. Cakewalk by BandLabĬakewalk SONAR was one of the earliest digital music creation software available but development stopped in 2017 when the original company shut down. You can record straight into the music production software, taking advantage of the powerful editing tools to create music to your taste.Īudacity is cross-platform, so you can switch between Windows, macOS and Linux installations with ease and, as it’s open-source (meaning anyone can help to develop it), it’s totally free to download. Beginners will love the interface, as it doesn’t overload you with options. It’s the simplicity that will really appeal to anyone looking to create their own music without years of experience or training. You can even create your own plugins for others to use, thanks to the common VST format. First and foremost, it’s an audio editor, but you can expand it with effects and plug-ins. You just have to work a little differently to get the most out of it.Īudacity lets you splice up and process any recorded audio in all major audio formats. Strictly speaking, Audacity is more an audio editing tool than a full digital audio workstation like some of the other options on our list. Music creators looking for an alternative to GarageBand should take a look at Audacity. Windows and Linux users will need to look at one of the alternatives below. GarageBand is also available as an app in the App Store for iPhone and iPad owners.Īs an Apple product, GarageBand is only available on macOS and iOS. It’s quick, it’s powerful, and best of all, GarageBand is free and pre-installed on every Mac computer, ready for you to us. That includes podcasts, where support for multiple microphones could prove useful. GarageBand can be used to edit other types of audio files, too. ![]() ![]() Second, due to the nature of the content that they have to film, older actors are needed.īut just how much older is the cast of Never Have I Ever? And what age do they play on the show? As you stream the fourth (and final □) season, here’s everything you need to know about the real ages of the cast of Never Have I Ever. ![]() Then there is the matter of Devis love interests, and those of her two besties, having very white or white-passing identities. First, if actors are under the age of 18, they can only work for a certain number of hours. Maitreyi Ramakrishnan, Never Have I Ever Isabella B. He got the job and filmed season one while living in his college dorm, which he remembers returning to at night after working on set. There are a number of reasons why producers tend to hire older actors when creating teen shows like Riverdale, Gossip Girl, and Never Have I Ever. NEW YORK (AP) Jaren Lewison was at his USC freshman orientation when he got the call to screen test for the Netflix series Never Have I Ever. But, although Devi, Eleanor, Fabiola, Aneesa, and Ben are now high school seniors - and Paxton is a freshman at ASU - in season 4 of Never Have I Ever, that doesn’t necessarily mean that the actors who play them are teenagers IRL. As you watch leading lady Devi Vishwakumar try to figure out what it means to be a good friend, daughter, student, and girlfriend, it feels like you’re walking the halls of Sherman Oaks High with her and her besties. J SPOILER ALERT While we’ve gotten to know the students and teachers of Sherman Oaks High School over the years on Never Have I Ever, some of their faces are more familiar than others. Lindsay Thompson, portrayed by Genneya Walton, is a recent college graduate and the substitute for Devi, Ben, Elanor, and Fab’s AP Lit class in season 4. The cast of Never Have I Everplays normal high school students who are super into Olivia Rodrigo and Euphoria, constantly make TikToks, and try to navigate the complexities of teenage social circles. ![]() ![]() Only flagellated organisms, such as Escherichia and Salmonella, have H antigens, whereas the nonmotile ones, such as Klebsiella and Shigella, do not. (2) The H antigen is on the flagellar protein. The number of different O antigens is very large (e.g., there are approximately 1500 types of Salmonella and 150 types of E. The O antigen, which is composed of repeating oligosaccharides consisting of three or four sugars repeated 15 or 20 times, is the basis for the serologic typing of many enteric rods. (1) The cell wall antigen (also known as the somatic, or O, antigen) is the outer polysaccharide portion of the lipopolysaccharide (see Figure 2–6). The three surface antigens are as follows: The antigens of several members of the Enterobacteriaceae, especially Salmonella and Shigella, are important they are used for identification purposes both in the clinical laboratory and in epidemiologic investigations. ![]() coli and Vibrio cholerae secrete exotoxins, called enterotoxins, that activate adenylate cyclase within the cells of the small intestine, causing diarrhea) (see Chapter 7). In addition, several exotoxins are produced (e.g., E. In contrast to the Enterobacteriaceae, it is a strict aerobe and derives its energy from oxidation, not fermentation.Īll members of the Enterobacteriaceae, being gram-negative, contain endotoxin in their cell walls. aeruginosa, a significant cause of urinary tract infection and sepsis in hospitalized patients, does not ferment glucose or reduce nitrates and is oxidase-positive. These four reactions can be used to distinguish the Enterobacteriaceae from another medically significant group of organisms-the nonfermenting gram-negative rods, the most important of which is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. TABLE 18–5 Diseases Caused by Members of the Enterobacteriaceaeįeatures common to all members of this heterogeneous family are their anatomic location and the following four metabolic processes: (1) they are all facultative anaerobes (2) they all ferment glucose (fermentation of other sugars varies) (3) none have cytochrome oxidase (i.e., they are oxidase-negative) and (4) they reduce nitrates to nitrites as part of their energy-generating processes. The organisms and some of the diseases they cause are listed in Table 18–5. Although the members of the Enterobacteriaceae are classified together taxonomically, they cause a variety of diseases with different pathogenetic mechanisms. ![]() These organisms are the major facultative anaerobes in the large intestine but are present in relatively small numbers compared with anaerobes such as Bacteroides. ![]() The Enterobacteriaceae is a large family of gram-negative rods found primarily in the colon of humans and other animals, many as part of the normal flora. In addition, infection with Campylobacter jejuni predisposes to Guillain-Barré syndrome.īefore describing the specific organisms, it is appropriate to describe the family Enterobacteriaceae, to which many of these gram-negative rods belong. Patients infected with such enteric pathogens as Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Yersinia have a high incidence of certain autoimmune diseases such as Reiter’s syndrome (see Chapter 66). TABLE 18–4 Gram-Negative Rods Causing Urinary Tract Infection 1 or Sepsis 2 ![]() ![]() ![]() Details and textures: The intricacy and attention to detail in a 3D tattoo is what truly makes it come to life.By manipulating angles and points of view, a skilled artist can create a scene that appears to have depth, even though it is being depicted on a flat surface. Perspective: Another crucial component of a 3D tattoo is perspective.When applied skillfully, shadows can create the illusion of depth, making an object in the tattoo appear to be raised or recessed into the skin. Shadows and shading: Perhaps the most critical aspect of a 3D tattoo is the use of shadows and shading.So, what exactly is it that makes a tattoo 3D? There are a few key elements that contribute to the appearance of depth and realism in a 3D tattoo: Today, the popularity of 3D tattoos continues to rise, with new designs and techniques being developed constantly. Platforms like Instagram have provided a space for tattoo artists to showcase their skills in this unique and eye-catching style. This has opened the door for artists to experiment with creating the appearance of three-dimensionality, often with astonishingly lifelike results.Īs social media has grown in popularity, so too has the visibility of 3D tattoos. New tattooing techniques, equipment, and ink have enabled more detail and shading in tattoo designs. The world of tattooing was not far behind, with the rise of the 3D tattoo style emerging in the late 20th century. While the concept of a 3D tattoo may seem like a product of modern technology, the truth is that artists have been creating the illusion of depth on canvas for centuries. Thanks to modern tattooing techniques and the talents of skilled tattoo artists, these tattoos can achieve realistic, mind-blowing effects. As the name suggests, 3D tattoos are tattoo styles that appear three-dimensional, giving the illusion of depth on a flat, two-dimensional surface. One of the latest trends to take the tattoo world by storm is the 3D tattoo. Delphine’s ‘mayonnaise’ tattoo, a seemingly random word to the uninitiated, is a poignant reminder of an unforgettable journey and the bonds formed along the way.Tattooing is an ancient art that has evolved from simple designs to intricate, colorful, and immensely detailed works of art. The incident serves as a reminder that tattoos, often seen as a form of self-expression and memory immortalization, can also be lighthearted and personal. Even Google joined in on the fun, jesting, ‘True friendship is mayonnaise.’ Embracing the Lightheartednessĭelphine emphasized that the local Moroccan tattoo artist found the idea amusing and that the tattoo was well-received by the locals, who laughed and took photos. The word ‘mayonnaise,’ initially seen as a hilarious mistake, was understood to be a symbol of their unique adventure. The initial ridicule turned into admiration as Delphine explained the story behind the tattoo. The Unexpected Viral Sensationĭelphine’s TikTok video, featuring the pair flaunting their new tattoos alongside a Google Translate confirmation of their meaning, quickly became an internet sensation. This led to an inside joke among the group, one that would eventually find its way onto their skin. It was amidst the vibrant streets and bustling markets of this North African country that they found themselves captivated by the aesthetics of the Arabic script, so much so that they found beauty in the most mundane of places – a mayonnaise package. The quartet decided to continue their journey together, venturing to Morocco. Uncommon Ink: From Joke to Tattooĭelphine, along with her friend Jasmine, embarked on a two and a half week trip that saw them cross paths with two Australian expats in Spain. However, Delphine’s follow-up video, in which she shared the backstory of the unconventional tattoo, turned the tables. The tattoo, which read ‘mayonnaise’ in striking Arabic script, initially sparked a flurry of amused and bemused comments from viewers who mistook it for a blunder. When Caitlin Delphine, a Swedish tourist, took to TikTok to reveal her new tattoo, she likely didn’t anticipate the viral attention it would garner. Swedish Tourist’s ‘Mayonnaise’ Tattoo Sparks Viral Sensation on TikTok ![]() ![]() ![]() They responded after a few days and put me on their schedule for an upgrade.Īfter some research I decided on the Mr. I stated that i would need a new one anyone on the account of the old meter only supplying 175 CF/H when I am eventually upgrading everything in the house to NG. I found my suppliers request documents for getting a new meter put in. Quite the contrary to what I had read online, where even one molecule of gas leaving would cause the gates of hell to open and consume me. After a quick call to the provider they came out and explained that a little bubbling leak was “no big deal”. It was old, rusted, and the shut-off valve on the supplier’s side leaked. I ran the NG line along the outside of the house. The gas meter was on the same side of the house as the garage. ![]() From his reaction what I had in store was mostly above and beyond the requirements laid out by Indiana code. I consulted with my NG provider, laying out my plan and asking for advice. I decided I would be able to teach myself how to run NG by mitigating the risks through education. From everything I read online I should fear NG like a loaded gun ready to go off in my face at any second, throwing my house up into the air and leaving a crater the size of a large comet in the ground. I could run propane, but I would need to install a tank outside my house and get it filled when empty. Electric units were cheaper and easier to install (running electrical wire is trivial compared to LP/NG) but would cost more to run because electricity is more expensive per BTU in my area. I wanted to install a garage heater, but wasn’t sure which route to take: natural gas, propane, or electric. My garage was reaching near freezing temperatures and I found it not very fun to be working in the garage having to wear a winter coat and gloves. ![]() ![]() You have come to the right website if you are looking for genuine and high quality FNAF. Five Nights at Freddy’s Merchandise Store This store between us is made for fans, so we’ll do everything we can to help our fellow fans get the items they want. We can assure you that whatever you purchase from our website will be a great fit for you because of our long selection process and rigorous research. So be sure to check out the FNAF’s huge collection of merchandise. All of these uncommon things are on the Five Nights at Freddy’s website. ![]() As stated before, we specialize in selling limited edition FNAF merchandise, such as items that are only accessible for a short period of time. It is sure to attract viewers’ eyes thanks to its vibrant colors and images of the game’s characters. Impressive and attractive design!Īll of our items are beautifully designed. Then do not wait any longer, visit the official FNAF website to immerse yourself in the world of Five Nights at Freddy’s items. If you are a fan of this series then that’s why you are on our site. The game takes place in a fictional family pizzeria called “Freddy Fazbear’s Pizza”, where the player assumes the role of a security guard who must defend himself against hostile cartoon characters that populate the locations. Five Nights at Freddy’s is a 2014 indie survival horror video game developed and published by Scott Cawthon. FNAF stands for Video game series Five Nights at Freddy’s. Five Nights at Freddy’s Compression (short sleeves).Five Nights at Freddy’s Compression (long sleeves).Five Nights at Freddy’s Body Pillows / Dakimakura. ![]() Five Nights at Freddy’s Pants & Joggers. ![]() ![]() ![]() Recently, a person in the USA called Burger King (an American global chain of restaurants) and said: “there is a gas leakage in the restaurant.”Īfter the call, the staff at the Burger King restaurant was seen smashing all the windows to get out of the building. Such calls are received by the helplines in the other countries as well. The prank calls on helplines are not the problem of Pakistan only. According to the law, the permission of the other party on the phone call is essential to record the call. Some people record their prank calls to post them on different social networking websites, but call recording is also not legal. The only criminal law that is applicable on a phone call is if the caller is harassing the person. Unfortunately, there are no legal consequences for people who do prank calls and telephonic jokes. For example, a person calls the Railway inquiry helpline and says, “Why there is no water in the washroom of Awami Express?.” On the railway helpline, most of the prank calls are received about the toilets of the train. People call the telecom helplines and ask the operator for friendship. The customer care officers at different telecom companies also deal with prank calls on a daily basis. Sometimes, people purposely give the wrong residential address on phone calls at McDonald’s and Pizza Hut, just to tease the staff.Ī manager of the local restaurant told that we are very used to it, and we don’t cater to that number if we get a call from it next time. The prank calls are not only received on the police emergency helpline, but also on the other helplines such as fire brigade, railway station, food home-delivery services, etc.įor example, people call the helpline of McDonalds and order a meal, and when the guy comes with the food, the caller denies that he booked the meal. The official appealed to the public to stay away from such negative practices and become responsible citizens and help police in the drive against crime. We, therefore, do not wish them to face such a situation.”, explained the official.ĭespite the fact, police have registered FIRs against the most frequently annoying callers. The reason for our leniency is that once a number is entered into our blocked list, it can not reach us in case a real emergency arises. “We don’t find it a better option to block numbers, either mobile or landline. It is much easier today to trace a caller or block the number of annoying people, and for police or any other security agency it is a piece of cake however, they consider it the last option to take such an extreme measure. The screenshots are not real, but the words shown in the images are very similar to the real prank messages. But, we are showing these images so that you can get a perspective on how the fake messages look like. Of course, these screenshots are fake, and that is what we expect from the BNN. ![]() The screenshots show some messages received on the Rangers Madadgar WhatsApp emergency service. To give you an outlook, here are some screenshots that were posted by the Banana News Network on their Facebook page. The departments that have launched an SMS or WhatsApp helpline, also face this kind of silly activities by the dumb people who don’t have anything else to do. According to a report, last year, 3.5 million calls received on the helpline of Karachi Police were the prank.Įven the messaging helplines are not safe from pranksters. If a man has nothing to do and feels bored, he just picks up his phone and calls the police helpline, and says various things. “Every day Lahore police receive 4,000 calls on 15 out of which 90% are pranked calls,” the official revealed Sometimes, they call the helpline and say, “will you make friendship with me?.” told us a senior police officer. “The helpline is for the public to access us in the case of emergency but people call it to order the pizza, burgers, etc. In most cases, callers crack jokes and make fun of police authorities, and many a time callers start abusing police officials. ![]() People either report fake incidents or hang up their phones when a call is answered. The prank calls received on these helplines have become a cause of irritation for the authorities.Īccording to the latest statistics, 90 percent of the calls received on the Police emergency helpline ’15’ are the prank. However, unfortunately, a big percentage of these calls are made for the sake of fun only. ![]() Law enforcement agencies including police and other departments are adopting various means of the latest technology for establishing better communication with the public, solely for serving them abruptly. ![]() ![]() ![]() Personally, I think this is a big joke of some medieval scholar. ![]() If you are interested in any of the above check this out at The Voynich contains drawings of unidentified plants, of enigmatic charts, and of nude women bathing together in some strange bizarre tubs. What you find here are different views of experts. The truth is, no one has deciphered the Voynich to this day. They seem to have their own idea of what they want the manuscript to be, and they make it fit that view. I think those who study the Voynich, has no clue what they are doing. Some experts assume that it is written in a substitution cipher, and 600 years of studies have not been able to work out the language. The Voynich is written in an unknown writing system in the early 15th century that has never been seen before or since. It is definitely the only book catalogued at Goodreads that cannot be read by anyone in the true sense of the meaning! They’re sitting at home in front of the fire one evening, flat broke yet again, him thumbing through a dealer’s catalogue, when Ethel suddenly looks up from her needlepoint:Īlong with Gobekli Tepe and the Lead Books (found in Jordan), The Voynich Manuscript is one of the greatest mysteries of all time. In fact, I can easily imagine it being her idea in the first place. He devised the script and wrote the text in his spidery scrawl she (and this bit is my theory) copied it on to the vellum in her more meticulous handwriting (and, I reckon, did the illustrations as well). The price Voynich put on his manuscript after its “rediscovery” was $160,000 (in 1912!) and I reckon this was a (failed) attempt to solve all their financial worries, for ever, in one go. Moreover, the two of them lurched along from one financial crisis to the next, making money then losing it all again. They were the perfect combination: his knowledge, her imagination. A few years earlier she had been smuggling copies of Marx and Engels into pre-revolutionary Russia a few years later she would be writing novels (the first an international best-seller no less) and composing operas. There is, though, one other character in this story: his intelligent and extremely talented wife Ethel, and she was everything he wasn’t: while he was a flamboyant and roguish charmer, a liar and jack-the-lad, she was calculating, intellectual and artistic. In other words, he had everything he needed to forge this thing-except perhaps the imagination. He had an encyclopaedic knowledge of precisely this sort of thing, knew what could be (and what would not be) in a manuscript from the Middle Ages he was an expert in mediaeval ciphers he had his own supply of vellum (even sold it in his shop) and he was an unscrupulous con-man not above swindling a community of monks out of their priceless collection of books and illuminated manuscripts, in return for (his own phrase this) “a cartload of modern trash.” By the end of it, I’d myself come round to the conclusion that the thing definitely is a forgery-and Wilfred Voynich himself the likeliest forger. Kennedy and Churchill’s book has much about ciphers and decipherment about historical figures who may have written, owned (or forged) the manuscript and about all those theories: from the sensible-but-wrong ones, such as that it was written by Roger Bacon in the 13th century, to the wackier suggestions (that it is the work of aliens etc., etc). But what has attracted worldwide scrutiny, above all, is the indecipherable writing which fills much of this battered little book: far more beautiful than the illustrations-done in a sort of unidentified copperplate, and without a single crossing-out anywhere-this has so far defied all attempts at decipherment by, among others, some of World War Two’s top code-breakers, or by modern computers. This is what has become known as the Voynich Manuscript (after the Polish dealer in rare books who, supposedly, rediscovered it in 1912) and it could almost have been written in a different universe: among those hundreds of plants, for example, not one has ever been unequivocally identified by botanists a couple do look vaguely familiar (“that one could be a sunflower, that one…a violet?…maybe”) but only vaguely, like the botany of an alien planet. Well, alright then, it looks like nothing else you’ve ever seen. In fact, it looks like a lot of things: one section could be a traditional herbal-lots of illustrations of plants, sketched in ink then infilled with watercolour another section has what look like astrological charts…then there are those weird nude-bathing scenes…oh, and the text itself has never been deciphered. ![]() Hand-written on vellum sheets (radiocarbon-dated to the early fifteenth century), Beinecke MS408 does at least look mediaeval. Numerous reviewers (of this book and others) have outlined the main theories about the Voynich Manuscript, so rather than just repeating them all, I thought I’d give you mine instead. ![]() |
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